Entertainment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Entertainment Law - Essay Example The advantages of this form of business would be that this business form is easy to establish and there are no legalities involved in setting up. Once the business is set up Vick can start trading as early as possible. An overwhelming advantage of being a sole trader is that one is not required to answer to anyone as they are the sole owners. Decisions regarding the company can be made quickly and efficiently. However, being a sole trader can have a number of disadvantages such as a lack of collective minds. The owner may not have sufficient experience or knowledge to run the business and perhaps being in a partnership would help him. Being a single owner of a business can greatly affect the social life of a person as a holiday would mean a closed office. Economies of scale are also difficult to achieve and cost of production is comparatively high. If Vick decides to go into a partnership he will have to invest less capital into the starting of the business but as such the profits from the business will also have to be shared equally amongst the partners. The variety in terms of minds in the ownership will help to enhance the business through the integration of qualities from all partners. Work can be shared and so can be the liabilities of the business. If the business does incur debt in a partnership there are fewer chances of personal assets being sold off. Once again this business form has downsides of which the first would be the lack of freedom in decision making. Contracts are also required to maintain legal constraints on the business and the profit division terms need to be defined. And if one partner wishes to either retire from the business or expires the partnership is defunct. As far as a public limited company is concerned, it will allow shareholders to have limited liability in the business and raising capital is easier as an additional issuance of debenture and

Civil Engineering Essay Example for Free

Civil Engineering Essay Introduction This research aims to identify and highlight the career opportunities awaiting fresh graduates of civil engineering. This research further aims to look at the specific jobs that are available for them, amount of work load, basic salaries and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of particular choice of specialized civil engineering practice such as structural, water resources, environmental, construction, transportation and geo-technical engineering, among others. Statement of the Problem With the wide variety of specialized practice of civil engineering, newly graduated civil engineers need to be aware of the requirements of each specialization and fully understand the other details of the job. Being fresh from the realms of the academe, these fresh civil engineering graduates need to be guided accordingly as they ready to join the civil engineering workforce. Presenting the result of this study will help them evaluate their specific areas of interest within the bounds of the civil engineering career and will enable them to make an intelligent choice as to what career they really want to pursue. Proposed Solution This study will employ in-depth analysis of the career opportunities and choices available for civil engineering graduates. As such, specialized civil engineering fields will be identified and explained, the likeability that a new graduate will pursue a specific field will be determined and the factors that should be considered in choosing a specific career path. Methods In order to address the research problem, the researcher will employ quantitative and qualitative research method which is designed to complement each other’s findings. Respondents of the research will be practicing civil engineers. Using the qualitative research design, the researcher will conduct a survey to compare factors such as the specialized field where civil engineers usually get for their first job and the basic salary offer for an entry level position. The qualitative research design will include in-depth interviews of practitioners on the specifics of their jobs, the factors that should be considered in choosing a line of practice and other pertinent information about the field based on their experience. Conclusion This research aims to help fresh civil engineering graduates in making a decision of which career path to pursue after college by presenting the choices available for them along with the considerations and factors that might affect their decision. First hand data will be gathered through survey and interview of practicing civil engineers specialized in different fields to get information based on their experience.

Mainstreaming Should be the Parents Decision Essay -- Argumentative Pe

Mainstreaming Should be the Parents Decision    Integrating children with handicaps into regular classrooms (also known as mainstreaming) has been a huge issue in education systems recently. The goal of mainstreaming is providing the most appropriate and beneficial education to a child in the least restrictive setting and so the question of where the children with handicaps benefit the most is the question that is the hardest to answer. In the 1960's there was no question. No one even thought about taking a child with a handicap out of special education and placing them within a regular classroom. But now, partly because of parent's requests, select school districts are mainstreaming. The debate over mainstreaming being good or bad can be easily taken from either side. The severity of the handicap and how great the need is for extra help play an important part in determining if placing a child with a mental handicap into a regular classroom would benefit the child the most. But in a case of a handicap such as Downs Syn drome, a regular classroom setting is not the best possible place for that child. Therefore, special education is the best choice. A classic story about the advantages and disadvantages of mainstreaming was told in a segment of "Turning Point." The segment focused around two young boys, both with Downs Syndrome, who were place in two different schools for the duration of a year. Bobby had returned to his school for the mentally handicapped while Sean's mother had fought to get him out of that school and placed into a regular classroom in a public school. The segment followed each of the boys' experience and progress throughout the year. The greatest benefit of special education, s... ...has gotten a little better with hitting and kicking, but it is still a big problem. Sean gets frustrated when he can't do something so he takes it out on someone else by being violent. This cases concern among the parents of the regular children. They have a feeling that Sean can be distracting to the other students and so cause the teachers to pay less attention to them and more to Sean. Mainstreaming will be an important issue in education in years to come. It is hard to say if mainstreaming is good or bad since I think it differs with every case. For someone with only a speech impairment, mainstreaming may be the right thing to do. It should be up to the parent to decide what they feel is best for their child. Although I disagree that Sean is getting the most by being in a regular classroom, his mother feels differently and I respect her choices.

Coming Full Circle in Blue Highways Essay -- Blue Highways

In his traveling diary, Blue Highways, William Least Heat Moon takes a trip to various destinations of unknown worth. His American back roads tour is characterized by the pattern of taking a journey that follows a circle. Least Heat Moon's circular journey is both literal and spiritual. His travels circle the nation, and he gathers history and personality from all corners of America. More importantly, however, Least Heat Moon sets out to fully explore and find himself. He provides the audience with the simple explanation of the circular nature of his journey because "following a circle would give a purpose&emdash;to come around again&emdash;where taking a line would not"(Least Heat Moon 3). Immediately, the reader is faced with William Least Heat Moon's goal to find himself and the wisdom of others. Before his journey began, Least Heat Moon experienced two significant life-changing events. First, the author was abandoned by his wife after being separated for nine months. Then, as a result of declining enrollment, he lost his job teaching English at the Universi...

First Draft

Moreover, it saves time and healthcare expenditure. This essay aims to discuss the comparisons between two projects, in Cambodia-partners Telekinetic project and a remote volcanic group of Islands In South Atlantic Ocean-Telemeter comes home. To begin with, recent studies illustrate that there are many benefits of using telekinetic, especially for the least developed environments like Tristan dad Chunk and several distant places in Cambodia. It can be used effectively via 24-hour satellite-internet connection in Tristan De Chunk; first of all, It Is helpful for doctors to monitor patients' conditions and even for surgery.According to a foreman of medication at IBM named Richard Baklava, â€Å"What we are starting to see now is a patient-doctor model. † It is presently ordinary that physicians send patients' information such as X-rays in a computer program version to other experts. For example, If Dry. Van De Mere requires advising specialists, he can function It over a video l ink. As the technology amends, a mechanical-liked operation system called Dad Vinci was used to remove a gall-bladder on a patient in the year of 2001. (The Economist, 2008, p. 3) In Cambodia, telekinetic is typically used In provinces In some resource-poor areas the same as In South Atlantic Ocean, too. The Cambodia villagers, especially those who live In Roving and Ban Lung, have been very grateful for the provision of internet access. To be able to send and obtain data, the local populations need solar and generator- powered satellite dishes, wireless technology and mobile systems to approach. Furthermore, telemeter mostly works on some sicknesses like malaria and diarrhea that are likely to be occurred on kids in the remote Cambodia.On the other hand, without the motormen who take responsibilities on delivering patients' information to physicians, it is almost impossible for the villagers to know what recklessly goes wrong with their health. (Hellmann, 2005, Internet). In other words, with the aids of the internet, telekinetic has cured and saved so many people's lives. Taking the ill patients at Roving in Preach Viewer province as an example, if they want to visit the doctors at Phonon Penn city, they have to spend time and fees on traveling to receive better treatments or Just to have simple health check-ups.As regards to a Cambodia report, It states that almost 80% of the residents derived a great satisfaction from the resistance involved and that they would be willing to foot 1 OFF hey are not required a direct visit to the specialty hospitals. (Heinlein, 200, internet) Similarly, Tristan dad Chunk, does not have an airstrip to provide clinical heath care for urgent situations, therefore, it would be a difficulty to contact other places in the world face to face in approximately one week.

Marriage

Marriage Free Online Research Papers In writing a research paper I wanted to address the most important aspect of my life, my family. I thought about writing on children and the changes they undertake as they grow from infancy to young adulthood, but then I realized if I had not married their mother I would not know anything about how they grow or change. Today, the view of marriage is a negative one. This attitude is revealed by a young woman who said, â€Å"When I got married I was looking for an ideal, but I married an ordeal and now I want a new deal!† (Sam Kathy). But the problem is not the institution of marriage. The problem lies with the individuals within that structure and their attitudes towards marriage in general. In thinking about writing a research paper on a specific aspect of marriage I could not find just one I wanted to address. I began to research different marriage materials and quickly found myself among the many different stages of marriage, even before the I do. I begin by summari zing, first, how a single person should view marriage, then the characteristics one should possess when choosing a person to marry, leading to the questions that should be asked even before the engagement, to finally the union of man and wife and their roles once married. A single person often thinks of marriage with an expectation that revolves around a white picket fence. Unfortunately this is just not factual, and too many times this is the cause of divorce when their ideal is not met. In Genesis 2:22 God became the first matchmaker â€Å"The Lord God fashioned into a woman the rib which He had taken from the man, and brought her to the man.† Every single male that desires to be a husband should not decide what kind of marriage he wants but rather what kind of wife he wants. All too often men look for a woman that will meet the marriage requirements he has adopted over time and takes for granted that he will be in love with the woman first. This fact is true for men and women alike who are looking to marry. The single female looks for safety and security and hopes that marriage will provide both at once. The problem with this is that security cannot be achieved through marriage but by love. The only way a relationship is truly safe is for the couple to love each other to the point that worldly processions and status fall second to a faithfulness that can pass the test of time. Once this love is established then one must consider if the person they love possesses the traits needed for a lasting marriage. Two people who have come to realize what is needed to consider leaving the single life behind and entering into marriage can then move on to personal compatibility. Once they are in love and decide marriage is the next step one should begin looking for key attributes in the relationship. Communication is vital to understanding each other on a level where one can find out what each other’s expectations for marriage are. If they are the same then the two of them can move on to family and backgrounds which should be considered before deciding to even become engaged. Talk to your partner about how the relationship began and let the other person know your desire for the direction you want it to head in next. â€Å"Pre-marriage counseling will help prepare for a successful marriage.† (Robert Brennan) Once an engagement has been announced some people feel obligated to follow through even if they have changed their minds during the course of therapy. Counseling addresses preserving the beauty of the love relationship so that it can be carried into marriage. In creating a safe environment that allows both parties to express feelings and concerns without judgment the couple can learn more about each other than they have acquired in your relationship so far. When the couple knows each other and how they stand on subjects such as: family, finances, sexuality, and marriage expectations, then they can make an informed decision concerning their future together. There are five questions created by Dr. David Powilson that are a guide to consider before engagement. 1. Are you both of the same religious background or beliefs? 2. Do you have a track record of being able to solve problems? Where do you need to change and grow to become a wiser person? 3. Are both your lives headed in the same direction? 4. What do those who know you well think of your relationship? 5. Do you really want to marry this person? Are you willing to accept each other just as you are? The most important of these would seem to be number five because it engulfs all the rest. If one can say yes to being willing to move on in their relationship with contentment in each other just as they are, then they are ready to move forward. â€Å"This must be evaluated because to enjoy the blessings in marriage, you need skills in solving problems and building honesty and trust.† (Monica) With the engagement at hand you now only have to know the right and wrong reasons for getting married. Let’s start with the wrong reasons beginning with being free of one’s parents. If independence is what one seeks then marriage is not how to achieve it. Someone may become free of their parents but, will be committing themselves to someone else for the rest of their life. There are other reasons that are all wrong for marriage; sex, loneliness, to be happy, for financial stability, because the partner loves you, and because of pregnancy. The one thing a parent never wants their child to feel is responsible for a broken or unhappy marriage that was entered into based on pregnancy. Entering into marriage for any of these reasons will only be a temporary fix and end badly for both parties. If these are all the reasons not to get married the couple probably would like the positive side as well. The correct reasons for getting married begin with being in love with one another. This is the first and most important reason anyone should ever enter into marriage. Other reasons are; a desire to share your life with another, to have a lifetime companion, realistic expectations of the other, and a willingness to fulfill one another’s needs and desires. If the reasons for entering into marriage are the right ones the time for the proposal is perfect and the date should be set. Once the union of man and wife is formed you have become one flesh as it states in Matthew 19:5 â€Å"For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife and the two shall become one flesh.† Now you can focus on your role in the marriage and your responsibilities to your spouse. For a husband the command is given to love your wife as Christ loved the church. â€Å"What a standard this is because He came from heaven to seek her, to be His holy bride; with His blood He bought her, and for her life He died.† (Monica) If a man is to love in this manner then the woman should be submissive to his love and both should be selfless in all areas of their life together. This is not to say that you cannot have a hobby or something set aside for yourself as long as it meets the approval of your spouse. When you have married, you have pledged yourself to someone else’s happiness. A challenge many loving married couples encounter is that of expressing their desire for one another in a manner that promotes passion. Husband and wife should learn how to complete each other through emotional and physical intimacy. Intimacy does not simply relate to sex in a marriage. There are many aspects of intimacy; mind, body, and soul. Each of these areas should be open and honest in your communication with one another especially in the first years of marriage because this closeness will be the foundation for years to come. Matthew 7:24-27 Therefore everyone who hears these words of mine and acts on them may be compared to a wise man who built his house on the rock. 25. And the rain fell and the floods came and the winds blew and slammed against that house; and yet it did not fall, for it had been founded on the rock. 26. Everyone who hears these words of mine and does not act on them will be like unto a foolish man who built his house on the sand. 27. The rain fell, and the floods came, and the winds blew and slammed against that house; and it fell – and great was its fall. If you build your marriage on a firm foundation it can weather anything life throws at it. Knowing what to look for while you are still single will be the corner stone for any marriage. Brennan, Robert. â€Å"Marriage and Pre- Marriage Counseling.† Online posting. 7 April 2008. Apokata. Psychological services. www.apokata.addr.com Buttoughs, Pat. â€Å"The good wife’s guide.† Online posting. 10 February 2008. Housekeeping Monthly. www.associatedcontent.com Kathy, Sam. â€Å"How to be a Godly wife.† Morningside Ministries. Pflugerville, Texas. 12 August 2001 Monica. â€Å"Marriage.† Online posting. 26 March 2005. www.keepandshare.com Stritof, Sheri Bob. Weblog post. Lower you odds for divorce before you marry. About.com. 7 April 2007 www.marriage.about.com â€Å"Let’s Talk About Sex.† 8 April 2008 www.thepurebed.com â€Å"The Good Husband’s Guide.†13 May 2006 www.families.com â€Å"The Holy Bible.† 1960. The American Standard Bible Research Papers on MarriageInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoResearch Process Part OneHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic Engineering

Children literature timeline paper

Children literature timeline paper Introduction Many cultures have over time experienced real and dramatic changes in almost every sphere. As time elapses, people evolve. Consequently, there is a paradigm shift in the way people do things and handle various situations that come their way on daily basis. Child literature has been part of people’s lives. It has however undergone tremendous changes over time from one generation to the next.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Children literature timeline paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These changes are represented as stages in the lifetime of these generations. The timelines also depict a sense of peoples’ perceptions and outlook on life, defining the norms and cultures that governed institutions at given times (Mulherin, 1982). Many factors have been considered to determine the depth of literature that the child is exposed to with much of this being centered on age and what the adults perceive the child to be. Age Child literature has been classified according to the stages of growth of the child. From infancy through to adolescence (this almost happens at the stages of twelve and thirteen), the child is given different classes of literature that is expected to bring up certain traits in them. The bridge between infant literature and adult literature is the young adult’s literature. This differs from the previous in both maturity level and the content that is represented. The literary skills that are employed are also different. Much of what appears in adult literature also features in literature designed for the children. McGuffey, for instance, alludes that fiction in its many forms such as â€Å"contemporary realism, fantasy and historical fiction, poetry, folk tales, legends, myths, and epics all occur in children literature† (McGuffey, 2001). Non-fictional literature spans from subjects that range from literature to humanities. These subjects v ary from social issues, biological studies to general sciences and ultimately deals in the earth as the prime topic. Books that are designed to be children’s literature use many methods to pass across the message they are meant to convey, as such pictures that display both visual and audio texts are used to complete the cycle. The evolution of Children literature Children literature as it is known today, has borrowed a lot from the then adult literature. The fairy tales and other fictitious characters were all a part of adult history. Books that were to be used as educative materials went further than providing entertainment to the children, and as such were used to teach, impart moral lessons and improve on a child’s ability to socialize with others effectively. Other books were cautionary to the youth as they warned them on the consequences of operating within the set standards and rules that determined the norms of their people (Kubler-Ross, 1999).Children literatur e came into being at around the seventeenth century.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Before then, children were overlooked and accorded little respect; they were considered a little less of humans and not much was done for them in relation to the literature they got. Cliftons (2006) noted that children in the olden days had it rough with their literature laced with an abnormally barbaric and forceful streak often used to scare the children to get them behave as the parents wished. They were majorly used to caution children and as such the subject in their pieces of literature was either killed or severely punished for a wrong deed. By the end of the seventeenth century, following the publication of John Newberry’s â€Å"A little pretty pocket book† for children, it dawned on the people that children literature should be a tool for entertainment rath er than for education or castigation. This marked the beginning of the official publishing of children literature and as such, set the trend for the other writers and the generations of writers that came afterwards. The roles of children literature in society Children literature, as earlier stated can be used as an avenue to impart several life lessons to the students and thus be an educative tool. It can also be used to pass history from one generation to the next thus expanding the knowledge base of a given child (Hunt, 1995). Child literature in its own capacity could be used to mould character as a cautionary tool to the children that have indiscipline cases in the society. References Cliftons, J. (2006). Old-Time Schools and School Books, New York: Dover Publishers. Hunt, P. (1995). Childrens Literature: An Illustrated History. New York: Oxford University Press. Kà ¼bler-Ross, E. (1999). On Death and Dying. New York: Macmillan. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Children literature timeline paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More McGuffey, W. (2001). McGuffeys Eclectic Readers, 7 book series, Primer–Sixth  Reader. New York: Van Nostrand. Print. Mulherin, J. (1982). Favorite Fairy Tales. London: Granada Publishing.

Slavery and Chains in the Middle Ages

Slavery and Chains in the Middle Ages When the Western Roman Empire fell in the 15th century, slavery, which had been such an integral part of the empires economy, began to be replaced by serfdom (an integral part of a feudal economy). Much attention is focused on the serf. His plight was not much better than the slaves had been, as he was bound to the land instead of to an individual owner, and could not be sold to another estate. However, slavery didnt go away. How Slaves Were Captured and Sold In the earliest part of the Middle Ages, slaves could be found in many societies, among them the Cymry in Wales and the Anglo-Saxons in England. The Slavs of central Europe were often captured and sold into slavery, usually by rival Slavonic tribes. Moors were known to keep slaves and believed that setting a slave free was an act of great piety. Christians also owned, bought, and sold slaves, as evidenced by the following: When the Bishop of Le Mans transferred a large estate to the Abbey of St. Vincent in 572, 10 slaves went with it.In the seventh century, the wealthy Saint Eloi bought British and Saxon slaves in batches of 50 and 100 so that he could set them free.A transaction between Ermedruda of Milan, and a gentleman by the name of Totone, recorded the price of 12 new gold solidi for a slave boy (referred to as it in the record). Twelve solidi were much less than the cost of a horse.In the early 9th century, the Abbey of St. Germain des Prà ©s listed 25 of their 278 householders as slaves.In the turmoil at the end of the Avignon Papacy, the Florentines engaged in insurrection against the pope. Gregory XI excommunicated the Florentines and ordered them enslaved wherever taken.In 1488, King Ferdinand sent 100 Moorish slaves to Pope Innocent VIII, who presented them as gifts to his cardinals and other court notables.Women slaves taken after the fall of Capua in 1501 were put up for sale in Rome. Motivations Behind Slavery in the Middle Ages The ethics of the Catholic Church concerning slavery throughout the Middle Ages seem difficult to comprehend today. While the Church succeeded in protecting the rights and well-being of slaves, no attempt was made to outlaw the institution. One reason is economic. Slavery had been the basis of a sound economy for centuries in Rome, and it declined as serfdom slowly rose. However, it rose again when the Black Death swept Europe, dramatically reducing the population of serfs and creating a need for more forced labor. Another reason is that slavery had been a fact of life for centuries, as well. Abolishing something so deeply entrenched in all of the society would be about as likely as abolishing the use of horses for transportation. Christianity and the Ethics of Slavery Christianity had spread like wildfire partly because it offered life after death in paradise with a heavenly Father. The philosophy was that life was terrible, injustice was everywhere, disease killed indiscriminately, and the good died young while the evil thrived. Life on earth simply wasnt fair, but life after death was ultimately fair: the good were rewarded in Heaven and the evil were punished in Hell. This philosophy could sometimes lead to a laissez-faire attitude toward social injustice, although, as in the case of good Saint Eloi, certainly not always. Christianity had an ameliorating effect on slavery. Western Civilization and Being Born Into a Class Perhaps the world-view of the medieval mind can explain a great deal. Freedom and liberty are fundamental rights in 21st-century Western civilization. Upward mobility is a possibility for everyone in America today. These rights were only won after years of struggle, bloodshed, and outright war. They were foreign concepts to medieval Europeans, who were accustomed to their highly-structured society. Each individual was born into a particular class and that class, whether powerful nobility or largely impotent peasantry, offered limited options and strongly-ingrained duties. Men could become knights, farmers, or craftsmen like their fathers or join the Church as monks or priests. Women could marry and become the property of their husbands, instead of the property of their fathers, or they could become nuns. There was a certain amount of flexibility in each class and some personal choice. Occasionally, an accident of birth or an extraordinary will would help someone deviate from the course medieval society had set. Most medieval people would not see this situation as restrictive as we do today. Source Slavery and Serfdom in the Middle Ages by Marc Bloch; translated by W.R. BeerSlavery in Germanic Society During the Middle Ages by Agnes Mathilde WergelandLife in Medieval Times by Marjorie RowlingThe Encyclopedia AmericanaThe History Medren, Melissa Snell, 1998-2017

Education in the World of Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education in the World of Politics - Essay Example It can be recalled that the sovereign theory refers to the submission of individuals or a group to a one common sovereign who can protect them against violent death. This submission can also be looked at as a master-slave relationship where those who do not abide form the law is subjected to punishment. In this case, education is important since this is the means or the main tool for the followers and even for the leaders to know their duties and or responsibilities in the group or in the society where they belong. Hobbes also said that since humans are grounded to passions, it is important that humans know how to correctly reason out and that has something to do with logic. Also, with the basic idea that man lives for his own selfishness, there is always a tendency to act through emotion and therefore, with proper education, logic can be attained. On the other hand, there is also another idea from Plato about education. This has something to do with the "guardians" of the "just city." According to him, the guardians, in order for them not to use their power for their own benefits to rule over the people they are protecting, they should be properly educated to know not just their limitations but also their privileges.

Mergers and Aquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Mergers and Aquisitions - Essay Example This is influenced by the fact that in situational contexts where the market economies are in a funk, firms do not engage in much dealing and trade. Consequently, critique provides that the presence and/ or increase of either activities, provides a positive sign of market confidence. Importantly, is the fact both inert human capacity, as well as ‘investor psychology’ are critical towards ensuring brighter futures. This is essentially what leads to the presence of both economic aspects; aimed at alleviating and bettering existing contexts in the international economic arena. In the U.S., just like other international contexts, mergers and/ or acquisitions, from the late 20th century onwards, experienced an upward surge. This is best represented by mega mergers or acquisitions i.e. Spectra Energy Corp (SE) acquisition by Spectra Energy Partners (SEP), which is the paper’s focus; Tokyo Electronic (TOELY) and Applied Materials (AMAT); US Airways (LCC) acquisition by American Airlines (AAMRQ), and Life Technologies (LIFE) acquisition by Thermo Fisher Scientific (TMO) amongst others in the global arena (InvestorPlace, 2013). The year 2013, though having notched amongst the largest of mergers and acquisitions within recorded human history, it was hardly a year of deal activity; though this did smartly pick up. During the first 9 months, the total volume of U.S. mergers and acquisitions did total to US$865.1 billion; attesting to the great influences, impacts and effects of such economic activities within the global economic sector. Accordingly, Dealogic (a global economic consortium) in its – Dealogic M&A Review [First Nine Months 2013 Final Results Report] – portrays that this figure was a 39% increase, over the same period the previous year. Subsequently, a number of deals did make mega splashes, while others were conducted quietly; with all being influential in the eventual recovery in M&A. such high amounts of monies spent on mergers

Tourism and France Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism and France - Research Paper Example The international tourists provide importance to rich natural vegetation, cultural and historical heritage of a tourist destination. Within this context, France is one of the best examples for the rapid growth and development of tourism as a profitable business. Thesis statement: The economic, cultural and social impacts of tourism in the French society prove that tourism is a business, which is interconnected with the process of development. The glory of France as an international tourist destination is interconnected with Charles VIII, because he conquered Mont Aiguille in France (say, in the year 1492). This incident is important in the history of tourism in France because the same deeply influenced the development of mountaineering as an adventure sport. Hudman and Jackson stated that, â€Å"France has a long history of tourism and well-established reputation of being the playground of Europe† (p.200). In the field of beach tourism in France, the inauguration of seaside resort in Dieppe in the year 1822 is another development. Within the context of infrastructure development, especially the development of railroad network in 1850-1850 is another initiative, which accelerated tourism. One can see that resorts and casinos play an important role in the development of tourism. For instance, the launching of Monte-Carlo Resort and the casino attached to the same is another development in the field of tourism in Fra nce. Most of the international tourists are interested in music and entertainment. In the year 1867, the French authorities in Orange, which deeply influenced the tourism sector, organized a music festival. The opening of the first tourist office in the year 1889 and the opening of the National Tourist Office in the year 1910 are other historical developments. Besides, the establishment of the Vanoise National Park (say, in 1963) in France initiated the development of sustainable tourism. The creation of French Conservatory for Coastal

Economics of Ram Trucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics of Ram Trucks - Essay Example It has developed and grown over time. It has membership eighteen thousand members. This organization has sixty-eight branches. It is headquarter is in Birmingham, and it covers an area of three thousand square foot. In addition is has a library that has over seventy-five thousand photos of trucks, and nine hundred trucking books. It has also ten thousand sales vouchers and videos featuring trucks in the show room. History of the RAM truck The first man to build a mobile Truck is Gotttlieb Daimler. This German invented a truck which used a horse power engine and a belt drive. This belt drive had both forward and reverse speeds. This pioneer is the one who invented the first taxi and motorcycle in the year 1897. Ernest Holmes contributed immensely to the development and growth of this industry of RAM trucks. He helped in the retrieving of a colleague’s car in the year 1913. This was done through the use of a chain, a puller and three poles. RAM truck was formed in 2009. Its form ation was an upgrade of Dodge trucks. The objective of this company was to deal with serious truck customers. Its brand was also established after the parent company formed an alliance with Fiat Company. This alliance led to the use of the Ram brand in selling pick-ups and heavy duty trucks. This took effect in 2010. The current state of the trucking industry The truck industry is pivotal in the economic growth and development of any nation. This is because the transport sector plays a core function in the transport of various goods and services to various destinations for business purpose. For instance, the truck industry enabled the government to earn one hundred and twenty five thousand dollars of revenue in a single year. This revenue was obtained from a total of sixty five thousand truck companies.. Thousands of employees employed in theses companies ensured that necessary tasks were accomplished in order to obtain the returns. This boost on the economy increased the GDP of the nation which in turn led to the provision of social amenities to the society. This increased the living standards of the locals. Furthermore, the truck industry enhanced the refurbishment of the infrastructure hence improving the movement of goods and services within the society. Technocrats were also employed to ensure that traffic rules were adhered to in order to avert accidents which could be committed by errant truck drivers. This owes to the fact that the regulation of the speed leads to efficiency in fuel consumption. The only malpractice which persists is the high level of driver turnover. His leads to disruption of transport services and business transactions. There is lack of communication between the truck drivers and their bosses. This led to inconveniences and strikes within the industry. Furthermore, the drivers of the trucks are paid their salaries based on the miles covered. The law pertaining to the road use applies equally to all people. Therefore, the truck drive rs should not infringe on the rights of the pedestrians. The drivers, who are within the truck industry make informed decisions with regard to their driving career. For instance, they ensure that their various are up-to-date. The industry has initiated various programmes that have inculcated skills upon the drivers. This has boosted the professionalism in the truck and transport industries. In fact, this is manifest in the performance of

Obesity Health Advocay Campaign Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity Health Advocay Campaign - Research Paper Example Despite these concerns, the rate of social expenditure in alcoholic drugs and narcotics has subsequently increased and are regarded as the major factors contributing to obesity. Due to the poor health and dietary habits of most Americans, there have been campaigns developed to stop the effect of this disease. To be an effective advocate campaigner it is important first to have clear objectives on how you wish to attain your goals. For this reason it is important to get powerful individuals who have high score chances of standing against a large opponent. It is important also to understand working under the public eye involves constant scrutiny and criticism. Provision 8.1 of ANA code of ethics requires that the nursing profession be committed in promoting health and welfare and safety of all people. Our aim is to reduce the number of people suffering from obesity from current 35.7% to less than 5% in the next 10 years. This will be done through health programs aimed at promoting good diet for the community and the public in general. This will be conducted through advertisements and home visits in areas where the cases of obesity are highly prevalent. We target schools and other institutions as we aim at providing guidance on how to end up with a healthy life. We will also get the community support by making three lists of our allies, opponents and unsure people to help us identify our target audience. Before doing this it will be necessary to acquire an IRB approval since we shall be dealing with human subjects. This research will provide hotlines to all the subjects to freely report on incompetent, unethical, illegal, or impaired practice behaviors or situations. However, during this time ethical dilemmas usually arise. One can be in a dilemma on whether to launch attacks on those who are on the opponent side or not. We shall also constantly remind our nurses that each one of them is accountable for individual practice according to the

Economics of Ram Trucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics of Ram Trucks - Essay Example It has developed and grown over time. It has membership eighteen thousand members. This organization has sixty-eight branches. It is headquarter is in Birmingham, and it covers an area of three thousand square foot. In addition is has a library that has over seventy-five thousand photos of trucks, and nine hundred trucking books. It has also ten thousand sales vouchers and videos featuring trucks in the show room. History of the RAM truck The first man to build a mobile Truck is Gotttlieb Daimler. This German invented a truck which used a horse power engine and a belt drive. This belt drive had both forward and reverse speeds. This pioneer is the one who invented the first taxi and motorcycle in the year 1897. Ernest Holmes contributed immensely to the development and growth of this industry of RAM trucks. He helped in the retrieving of a colleague’s car in the year 1913. This was done through the use of a chain, a puller and three poles. RAM truck was formed in 2009. Its form ation was an upgrade of Dodge trucks. The objective of this company was to deal with serious truck customers. Its brand was also established after the parent company formed an alliance with Fiat Company. This alliance led to the use of the Ram brand in selling pick-ups and heavy duty trucks. This took effect in 2010. The current state of the trucking industry The truck industry is pivotal in the economic growth and development of any nation. This is because the transport sector plays a core function in the transport of various goods and services to various destinations for business purpose. For instance, the truck industry enabled the government to earn one hundred and twenty five thousand dollars of revenue in a single year. This revenue was obtained from a total of sixty five thousand truck companies.. Thousands of employees employed in theses companies ensured that necessary tasks were accomplished in order to obtain the returns. This boost on the economy increased the GDP of the nation which in turn led to the provision of social amenities to the society. This increased the living standards of the locals. Furthermore, the truck industry enhanced the refurbishment of the infrastructure hence improving the movement of goods and services within the society. Technocrats were also employed to ensure that traffic rules were adhered to in order to avert accidents which could be committed by errant truck drivers. This owes to the fact that the regulation of the speed leads to efficiency in fuel consumption. The only malpractice which persists is the high level of driver turnover. His leads to disruption of transport services and business transactions. There is lack of communication between the truck drivers and their bosses. This led to inconveniences and strikes within the industry. Furthermore, the drivers of the trucks are paid their salaries based on the miles covered. The law pertaining to the road use applies equally to all people. Therefore, the truck drive rs should not infringe on the rights of the pedestrians. The drivers, who are within the truck industry make informed decisions with regard to their driving career. For instance, they ensure that their various are up-to-date. The industry has initiated various programmes that have inculcated skills upon the drivers. This has boosted the professionalism in the truck and transport industries. In fact, this is manifest in the performance of

Dutch poltical issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dutch poltical issues - Essay Example Furthermore, he spoke against the European Union. During his speech in Hague, he was against the Moroccans who had settled into Netherlands. He incited the public against the Moroccans. The crowd was happy with what he was saying. He asked them anything that was racist, and the crowd replied positively with enthusiasm. It was similar to what the Nazi minister of propaganda was doing to the public. He incited the Germans into war. There was outrage among the Moroccans living in Netherlands. Mr. Wilder was a racist and did not take into consideration equality of races. It is against any government’s will to offer equality to all human beings. Every individual has the right to freedom in any county. People regarded the Moroccans as thieves and criminals. There was no sufficient evidence to say this statement. It showed biases according to biological and social attributes. Wilder was a racist in nature. He did not consider the will of the people he represented them in parliament. By saying the Moroccans should leave Netherlands, he tries to clarify his message of hatred towards the Muslims. Wilder openly shows the importance of Judeo, and he should follow its teaching which advocates for justice for all (Visser, 2013). Robbery is a very serious crime. If an innocent person is in the robbery scene, the activities in the scene may affect him. The robbers may cause bodily hard and pose the danger to life. In Noord-Brabant, there was a scene of a robbery, and a woman shot dead the two robbers. She acted on self-defense. This paper is going to show the reasons why the woman acted wrong in doing the shooting (Elkins, 2013). The paper disagrees with the idea of a woman acting on self-defense. Netherland’s constitution prohibits against use of guns. Possession of guns would make the civilians prone to attacks from any quarter. It would enhance robbery and many youths will engage in criminal activities. The constitution gave powers to the police. They have the

Strategic Management and Unilever Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management and Unilever Essay Introduction: Unilever is a multinational corporation with â€Å"extensive product offerings in the food, detergent, and personal care business.† Because Unilever is organizing its companies on a decentralized structure, they are falling behind their competitors. In order for Unilever to succeed as a company they must look over their whole business strategy starting from their foundation and working their way through each and every subsidiary. In making minor adjustments for improvement, Unilever might pull through and have a chance of becoming a successful company once again. Case Problems: Unilever is facing many problems not only within the company but with competition as well. â€Å"Competitors are more successful by building global brands, reducing cost structure, and executing simultaneous product launches in several national markets.† In Unilever’s case, the decentralized structure is working against any efforts of building both global and regional brands. Because of many duplicates in â€Å"manufacturing, a lack of scale economies, and a high-cost structure,† they are trailing behind competitors in bringing new products to the market. Alternatives: One alternative Unilever could take would be to focus more on the products that bring in the most profit. In this case it would be the food products, which account for â€Å"60 percent of sales and include strong offerings in margarine, tea, ice cream, frozen foods, and bakery products.† Mainly because not everyone is willing or able to buy name brands or certain detergents, but there will always be a need for food. If they put more of their focus on this they would be able to exceed the already 70 percent of market share in other countries. The only downfall I see in this would be the extra profit that would normally come in from the other two options would decrease. Another alternative Unilever might consider might be to focus its detergents and personal care products in accordance to the needs and wants of communities in certain areas. For example, while one country might see it more fit to have Omo, another region might prefer the personal care products of Calvin Klein. In researching the area and what customers seem more comfortable with would help enhance sales. However, if the company would be willing to invest both time and money in doing this would be upon them. A third alternative would be for the company’s financial and marketing team to use the SWOT analysis. By using this, the company would get a better understanding of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This would give them the chance to take advantage of what they are doing well while also showing them what exactly they should focus on to improve. Again, it would just be whether the company is willing to take the time and money to put int o the analysis. Solutions: Unilever â€Å"introduced a new structure based on regional business groups.† By creating groups and divisions in the company, each team was able to focus on a specific category of products. In doing so â€Å"groups and divisions coordinated the activities of national subsidiaries within their region to drive down operation costs and speed up the process of developing and introducing new products.† However, even with this change in structure, Unilever was still lagging behind the competition. Therefore, the company cut the number of brands sold â€Å"from 1,600 to 400 that could be marketed on a regional or global scale.† They also â€Å"reduced manufacturing plants from 380 to about 280.† Even after proceeding with this new foundation, they were still behind the competition. Unilever then decided to establish just two global product divisions. This included a â€Å"food division and a home and personal care division.† Contingency: If the solutions and changes made to the company fail, one back-up plan would be to cut out either the food or home and personal care division. That way the company would be able to focus on just one certain area. In doing so they would cut back even more products and brands, as well as  reducing manufacturing plants even more. This would help cut not only labor costs, but operating costs as well. As far as competition goes, Unilever would fall behind competing companies even more, therefore, instead of going for a global business, they should start back locally and overtime work their way back up. If they keep going at the rate they are, the company would take a bigger fall and might be harder for it to bounce back. Overtime, as they work on building the business then they can look into adding the other division, and then eventually work into competition globally once again. Conclusion: Unilever took a big step in trying to change and improve the company. Most businesses find it hard to accept change and that’s always the downfall to any great company. As far as the competition goes, Unilever has a lot to catch up on. They fell to far behind other competitors and suffered greatly from this. As long as Unilever stays patient with building their company up to what it once was, I feel that they will have no problem accomplishing a very successful company overtime.

User Interfaces Ic Compiler Computer Science Essay

User Interfaces Ic Compiler Computer Science Essay IC Compiler is the software package from Synopsys for Physical Design of ASIC. It provides necessary tools to complete the back end design of the very deep submicron designs. The inputs to the IC Compiler are: a gate-level netlist which can be from DC Compiler or third-party tools, a detailed floorplan which can be from previous Design Planning through IC Compiler or other third-party tools, timing constraints and other constraints, physical and timing libraries provided by manufacturer, and foundry-process data. IC Compiler generates a GDSII-format file as output ready for tape out of the chip. In addition, it is possible to export a Design Exchange Format (DEF) file of placed netlist data ready for a third-party router. IC Compiler uses a binary Synopsys Milkyway database, which can be used by other Synopsys tools based on Milkyway. [16] 4.2 User Interfaces IC Compiler can be used either with Shell interface (icc_shell) or with Graphical user interface (GUI). Shell interface is the command-line interface, which is used for batch mode, scripts, typing commands, and push-button type of operations. Graphical user interface (GUI) is an advanced graphical analysis and physical editing tool. Certain tasks, such as very accurately displaying the design and providing visual analysis tools, can only performed from the GUI. Also tool command language (Tcl), which is used in many applications in the EDA industry, is available to IC Compiler. Using Tcl, you can write reusable procedures and scripts. The IC Compiler design flow is an easy-to-use, single-pass flow that provides convergent timing closure. Figure 4.1 shows the basic IC Compiler design flow, which is centered around three core commands that perform placement and optimization (place_opt), clock tree synthesis and optimization (clock_opt), and routing and postroute optimization (route_opt). [16] icc1 Figure 4.1 IC Compiler Design Flow [21] For most designs, if the place_opt, clock_opt, and route_opt steps are followed, IC Compiler will provide optimal results. You can use IC Compiler to efficiently perform chip-level design planning, placement, clock tree synthesis and routing on designs with moderate timing and congestion challenges. To further improve the quality of results for your design you can use additional commands and switches for placement, clock tree synthesis, and routing steps that IC Compiler provides. IC Compiler design flow involves execution of following steps: 1. Set up and prepare the libraries and the design data. 2. Perform design planning and power planning. -Design planning is to perform necessary steps to create a floorplan, determine the size of the design, create the boundary and core area, create site rows for the placement of standard cells, set up the I/O pads. -Power planning, is to perform necessary steps to create a power plan to meet the power budget and the target leakage current. 3. Perform placement and optimization. IC Compiler placement and optimization uses enhanced placement and synthesis technologies to generate a legalized placement for leaf cells and an optimized design, which addresses and resolves timing closure issues for the provided design. You can supplement this functionality by optimizing for power, recovering area for placement, minimizing congestion, and minimizing timing and design rule violations. To perform placement and optimization, use the place_opt core command (or from GUI choose Placement menu and then Core Placement and Optimization sub-menu). 4. Perform clock tree synthesis and optimization. To perform the clock tree synthesis and optimization phase, use the command clock_opt (or choose Clock > Core Clock Tree Synthesis and Optimization in the GUI). IC Compiler clock tree synthesis and embedded optimization solve complicated clock tree synthesis problems, such as blockage avoidance and the correlation between preroute and postroute data. Clock tree optimization improves both clock skew and clock insertion delay by performing buffer sizing, buffer relocation, gate sizing, gate relocation, level adjustment, reconfiguration, delay insertion, dummy load insertion, and balancing of interclock delays. 5. Perform routing and postroute optimization. To perform routing and postroute optimization, use the route_opt core command (or choose Route > Core Routing and Optimization in the GUI). As part of routing and postroute optimization, IC Compiler performs global routing, detail routing, track assignment, topological optimization, and engineering change order (ECO) routing. For most designs, the default routing and postroute optimization setup produces optimal results. If necessary, you can supplement this functionality by optimizing routing patterns and reducing crosstalk or by customizing the routing and postroute optimization functions for special needs. 6. Perform chip finishing and design for manufacturing tasks. IC Compiler provides chip finishing and design for manufacturing and yield capabilities that you can apply throughout the various stages of the design flow to address process design issues encountered during chip manufacturing. 7. Save the design. Save your design in the Milkyway format. This format is the internal database format used by IC Compiler to store all the logical and physical information about a design. [16] 4.3 How to Invoke the IC Compiler 1. Log in to the UNIX environment with the user id and password . 2. Start IC Compiler from the UNIX promt: UNIX$ icc_shell The xterm unix prompt turns into the IC Compiler shell command prompt. 3. Start the GUI. icc_shell> start_gui This window can display schematics and logical browsers, among other things, once a design is loaded. 4.4 Preparing the Design IC Compiler uses a Milkyway design library to store design and its associated library information. This section describes how to set up the libraries, create a Milkyway design library, read your design, and save the design in Milkyway format. These steps are explained in the following sections: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Up the Libraries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Up the Power and Ground Nets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading the Design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Annotating the Physical Data à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Preparing for Timing Analysis and RC Calculation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Saving the Design 4.4.1 Setting Up the Libraries IC Compiler requires both logic libraries and physical libraries. The following sections describe how to set up and validate these libraries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Up the Logic Libraries: IC Compiler uses logic libraries to provide timing and functionality information for all standard cells. In addition, logic libraries can provide timing information for hard macros, such as RAMs. IC Compiler uses variables to define the logic library settings. In each session, you must define the values for the following variables (either interactively, in the .synopsys_dc.setup file, or by restoring the values saved in the Milkyway design library) so that IC Compiler can access the libraries: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ search_path Lists the paths where IC Compiler can locate the logic libraries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ target_library Lists the logic libraries that IC Compiler can use to perform physical optimization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ link_library Lists the logic libraries that IC Compiler can search to resolve references. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Up the Physical Libraries: IC Compiler uses Milkyway reference libraries and technology (.tf) files to provide physical library information. The Milkyway reference libraries contain physical information about the standard cells and macro cells in your technology library. In addition, these reference libraries define the placement unit tile. The technology files provide information such as the names and characteristics (physical and electrical) for each metal layer, which are technology-specific. The physical library information is stored in the Milkyway design library. For each cell, the Milkyway design library contains several views of the cell, which are used for different physical design tasks. If you have not already created a Milkyway library for your design (by using another tool that uses Milkyway), you need to create one by using the IC Compiler tool. If you already have a Milkyway design library, you must open it before working on your design. This section describes how to perform the following tasks: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Create a Milkyway design library To create a Milkyway design library, use the create_mw_lib command (or choose File > Create Library in the GUI). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Open a Milkyway design library To open an existing Milkyway design library, use the open_mw_lib command (or choose File > Open Library in the GUI). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Report on a Milkyway design library To report on the reference libraries attached to the design library, use the -mw_reference_library option. icc_shell>report_mw_lib-mw_reference_library design_library_name To report on the units used in the design library, use the report_units command. icc_shell> report_units à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change the physical library information To change the technology file, use the set_mw_technology_file command (or choose File > Set Technology File in the GUI) to specify the new technology file name and the name of the design library. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Save the physical library information To save the technology or reference control information in a file for later use, use the write_mw_lib_files command (or choose File > Export > Write Library File in the GUI). In a single invocation of the command, you can output only one type of file. To output both a technology file and a reference control file, you must run the command twice. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Verifying Library Consistency: Consistency between the logic library and the physical library is critical to achieving good results. Before you process your design, ensure that your libraries are consistent by running the check_library command. [16] icc_shell> check_library 4.4.2 Setting Up the Power and Ground Nets IC Compiler uses variables to define names for the power and ground nets. In each session, you must define the values for the following variables (either interactively or in the .synopsys_dc.setup file) so that IC Compiler can identify the power and ground nets: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ mw_logic0_net By default, IC Compiler VSS as the ground net name. If you are using a different name, you must specify the name by setting the mw_logic0_net variable. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ mw_logic1_net By default, IC Compiler uses VDD as the power net name. If you are using a different name, you must specify the name by setting the mw_logic1_net variable. 4.4.3 Reading the Design IC Compiler can read designs in either Milkyway or ASCII (Verilog, DEF, and SDC files) format. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading a Design in Milkyway Format à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading a Design in ASCII Format 4.4.4 Annotating the Physical Data IC Compiler provides several methods of annotating physical data on the design: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading the physical data from a DEF file To read a DEF file, use the read_def command (or choose File > Import > Read DEF in the GUI). icc_shell> read_def -allow_physical design_name.def à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading the physical data from a floorplan file A floorplan file is a file that you previously created by using the write_floorplan command (or by choosing Floorplan > Write Floorplan in the GUI). icc_shell> read_floorplan floorplan_file_name à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Copying the physical data from another design To copy physical data from the layout (CEL) view of one design in the current Milkyway design library to another, use the copy_floorplan command (or choose Floorplan > Copy Floorplan in the GUI). [16] icc_shell> copy_floorplan -from design1 4.4.5 Preparing for Timing Analysis and RC Calculation IC Compiler provides RC calculation technology and timing analysis capabilities for both preroute and postroute data. Before you perform RC calculation and timing analysis, you must complete the following tasks: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Set up the TLUPlus files You specify these files by using the set_tlu_plus_files command (or by choosing File > Set TLU+ in the GUI). icc_shell> set_tlu_plus_files -tech2itf_map ./path/map_file_name.map -max_tluplus ./path/worst_settings.tlup -min_tluplus ./path/best_settings.tlup à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ (Optional) Back-annotate delay or parasitic data To back-annotate the design with delay information provided in a Standard Delay Format (SDF) file, use the read_sdf command (or choose File > Import > Read SDF in the GUI). To remove annotated data from design, use the remove_annotations command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Set the timing constraints At a minimum, the timing constraints must contain a clock definition for each clock signal, as well as input and output arrival times for each I/O port. This requirement ensures that all signal paths are constrained for timing. To read a timing constraints file, use the read_sdc command (or choose File > Import > Read SDC in the GUI). icc_shell> read_sdc -version 1.7 design_name.sdc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Specify the analysis mode Conditions such as fabrication process, operating temperature, and power supply voltage can vary semiconductor device parameters. You can specify the operating conditions for analysis with the set_operating_conditions command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ (Optional) Set the derating factors If your timing library does not include minimum and maximum timing data, you can perform simultaneous minimum and maximum timing analysis by specifying derating factors for your timing library. Use the set_timing_derate command to specify the derating factors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Select the delay calculation algorithm By default, IC Compiler uses Elmore delay calculation for both preroute and postroute delay calculations. For postroute delay calculations, you can choose to use Arnoldi delay calculation either for clock nets only or for all nets. Elmore delay calculation is faster, but its results do not always correlate with the PrimeTime and PrimeTime SI results. The Arnoldi calculation is best used for designs with smaller geometries and high resistive nets, but it requires more runtime and memory. [16] 4.4.6 Saving the Design To save the design in Milkyway format, use the save_mw_cel command (or choose File > Save Design in the GUI). [16] CHAPTER 5: Design Planning 5.1 Introduction Design planning in IC Compiler provides basic floorplanning and prototyping capabilities such as dirty-netlist handling, automatic die size exploration, performing various operations with black box modules and cells, fast placement of macros and standard cells, packing macros into arrays, creating and shaping plan groups, in-place optimization, prototype global routing analysis, hierarchical clock planning, performing pin assignment on soft macros and plan groups, performing timing budgeting, converting the hierarchy, and refining the pin assignment. Power network synthesis and power network analysis functions, applied during the feasibility phase of design planning, provide automatic synthesis of local power structures within voltage areas. Power network analysis validates the power synthesis results by performing voltage-drop and electromigration analysis. [16] Figure 5.1 IC Compiler Design Planning [21] 5.2 Tasks to be performed during Design Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Initializing the Floorplan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automating Die Size Exploration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Handling Black Boxes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing an Initial Virtual Flat Placement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating and Shaping Plan Groups à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Power Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Prototype Global Routing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Hierarchical Clock Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing In-Place Optimization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Routing-Based Pin Assignment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing RC Extraction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Timing Analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Timing Budgeting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Committing the Physical Hierarchy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Refining the Pin Assignment 5.3 Initializing the Floorplan The steps in initializing the floorplan are described below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading the I/O Constraints: To load the top-level I/O pad and pin constraints, use the read_io_constraints command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Defining the Core and Placing the I/O Pads: To define the core and place the I/O pads and pins, use the initialize_floorplan command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating Rectilinear-Shaped Blocks: Use the initialize_rectilinear_block command to create a floorplan for rectilinear blocks from a fixed set of L, T, U, or cross-shaped templates. These templates are used to determine the cell boundary and shape of the core. To do this, use initialize_rectilinear_block -shape L|T|U|X. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Writing I/O Constraint Information: To write top-level I/O pad or pin constraints, use the write_io_constraints command. Read the Synopsys Design Constraints (SDC) file (read_sdc command) to ensure that all signal paths are constrained for timing. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Cell Rows: To add cell rows, use the add_row command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Removing Cell Rows: To remove cell rows, use the cut_row command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Saving the Floorplan Information: To save the floorplan information, use the write_floorplan command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Writing Floorplan Physical Constraints for Design Compiler Topographical Technology: IC Compiler can now write out the floorplan physical constraints for Design Compiler Topographical Technology (DC-T) in Tcl format. The reason for using floorplan physical constraints in the Design Compiler topographical technology mode is to accurately represent the placement area and to improve timing correlation with the post-place-and-route design. The command syntax is: write_physical_constraints -output output_file_name -port_side [16] Figure 5.2 Floor Plan After Initialization [21] 5.4 Automating Die Size Exploration This section describes how to use MinChip technology in IC Compiler to automate the processes exploring and identifying the valid die areas to determine smallest routable, die size for your design while maintaining the relative placement of hard macros, I/O cells, and a power structure that meets voltage drop requirements. The technology is integrated into the Design Planning tool through the estimate_fp_area command. The input is a physically flat Milkyway CEL view. 5.5 Handling Black Boxes Black boxes can be represented in the physical design as either soft or hard macros. A black box macro has a fixed height and width. A black box soft macro sized by area and utilization can be shaped to best fit the floorplan. To handle the black boxes run the following set of commands. set_fp_base_gate estimate_fp_black_boxes flatten_fp_black_boxes create_fp_placement place_fp_pins create_qtm_model qtm_bb set_qtm_technology -lib library_name create_qtm_port -type clock $port report_qtm_model write_qtm_model -format qtm_bb report_timing qtm_bb 5.6 Performing an Initial Virtual Flat Placement The initial virtual flat placement is very fast and is optimized for wire length, congestion, and timing. The way to perform an initial virtual flat placement is described below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Evaluating Initial Hard Macro Placement: No straightforward criteria exist for evaluating the initial hard macro placement. Measuring the quality of results (QoR) of the hard macro placement can be very subjective and often depends on practical design experience. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Specifying Hard Macro Placement Constraints: Different methods can be use to control the preplacement of hard macros and improve the QoR of the hard macro placement. Creating a User-Defined Array of Hard Macros Setting Floorplan Placement Constraints On Macro Cells Placing a Macro Cell Relative to an Anchor Object Using a Virtual Flat Placement Strategy Enhancing the Behavior of Virtual Flat Placement With the macros_on_edge Switch Creating Macro Blockages for Hard Macros Padding the Hard Macros à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Padding the Hard Macros: To avoid placing standard cells too close to macros, which can cause congestion or DRC violations, one can set a user-defined padding distance or keepout margin around the macros. One can set this padding distance on a selected macros cell instance master.During virtual flat placement no other cells will be placed within the specified distance from the macros edges. [16] To set a padding distance (keepout margin) on a selected macros cell instance master, use the set_keepout_margin command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Placing Hard Macros and Standard Cells: To place the hard macros and standard cells simultaneously, use the create_fp_placement command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Floorplan Editing: IC Compiler performs the following floorplan editing operations. Creating objects Deleting objects Undoing and redoing edit changes Moving objects Changing the way objects snap to a grid Aligning movable objects 5.7 Creating and Shaping Plan Groups This section describes how to create plan groups for logic modules that need to be physically implemented. Plan groups restrict the placement of cells to a specific region of the core area. This section also describes how to automatically place and shape objects in a design core, add padding around plan group boundaries, and prevent signal leakage and maintain signal integrity by adding modular block shielding to plan groups and soft macros. The following steps are covered for Creating and Shaping Plan Groups. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating Plan Groups: To create a plan group, create_plan_groups command. To remove (delete) plan groups from the current design, use the remove_plan_groups command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automatically Placing and Shaping Objects In a Design Core: Plan groups are automatically shaped, sized, and placed inside the core area based on the distribution of cells resulting from the initial virtual flat placement. Blocks (plan groups, voltage areas, and soft macros) marked fix remain fixed; the other blocks, whether or not they are inside the core, are subject to being moved or reshaped. To automatically place and shape objects in the design core, shape_fp_blocks command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Padding to Plan Groups: To prevent congestion or DRC violations, one can add padding around plan group boundaries. Plan group padding sets placement blockages on the internal and external edges of the plan group boundary. Internal padding is equivalent to boundary spacing in the core area. External padding is equivalent to macro padding. To add padding to plan groups, create_fp_plan_group_padding command. To remove both external and internal padding for the plan groups, use the remove_fp_plan_group_padding command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Block Shielding to Plan Groups or Soft Macros: When two signals are routed parallel to each other, signal leakage can occur between the signals, leading to an unreliable design. One can protect signal integrity by adding modular block shielding to plan groups and soft macros. The shielding consists of metal rectangles that are created around the outside of the soft macro boundary in the top level of the design, and around the inside boundary of the soft macro. To add block shielding for plan groups or soft macros, use the create_fp_block_shielding command. To remove the signal shielding created by modular block shielding, use the remove_fp_block_shielding command. [16] 5.8 Performing Power Planning After completed the design planning process and have a complete floorplan, one can perform power planning, as explained below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating Logical Power and Ground Connections: To define power and ground connections, use the connect_pg_nets command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Power and Ground Rings: It is necessary to add power and ground rings after doing floorplanning. To add power and ground rings, use the create_rectangular_rings command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Power and Ground Straps: To add power and ground straps, use the create_power_straps command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prerouting Standard Cells: To preroute standard cells, use the preroute_standard_cells command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Low-Power Planning for Multithreshold-CMOS Designs: One can perform floorplanning for low-power designs by employing power gating. Power gating has the potential to reduce overall power consumption substantially because it reduces leakage power as well as switching power. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Power Network Synthesis: As the design process moves toward creating 65-nm transistors, issues related to power and signal integrity, such as power grid generation, voltage (IR) drop, and electromigration, have become more significant and complex. In addition, this complex technology lengthens the turnaround time needed to identify and fix power and signal integrity problems. By performing power network synthesis one can preview an early power plan that reduces the chances of encountering electromigration and voltage drop problems later in the detailed power routing. To perform the PNS, one can run the set of following commands. [16] synthesize_fp_rail set_fp_rail_constraints set_fp_rail_constraints -set_ring set_fp_block_ring_constraints set_fp_power_pad_constraints set_fp_rail_region_constraints set_fp_rail_voltage_area_constraints set_fp_rail_strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Committing the Power Plan: Once the IR drop map meets the IR drop constraints, one can run the commit_fp_rail command to transform the IR drop map into a power plan. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Handling TLUPlus Models in Power Network Synthesis: Power network synthesis supports TLUPlus models. set_fp_rail_strategy -use_tluplus true à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Checking Power Network Synthesis Integrity: Initially, when power network synthesis first proposes a power mesh structure, it assumes that the power pins of the mesh are connected to the hard macros and standard cells in the design. It then displays a voltage drop map that one can view to determine if it meets the voltage (IR) drop constraints. After the power mesh is committed, one might discover problem areas in design as a result of automatic or manual cell placement. These areas are referred to as chimney areas and pin connect areas. To Check the PNS Integrity one can run the following set of commands. set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_commit_check_file set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_chimney_file set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_chimney_file pns_chimney_report set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_hor_chimney_layers set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_chimney_min_dist set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_pad_connection file_name set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_report_pad_connection_limit set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_report_min_pin_width set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_hard_macro_connection file_name set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_hard_macro_connection_limit set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_report_min_pin_width à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analyzing the Power Network: One perform power network analysis to predict IR drop at different floorplan stages on both complete and incomplete power nets in the design. To perform power network analysis, use the analyze_fp_rail command. To add virtual pads, use the create_fp_virtual_pad command. To ignore the hard macro blockages, use the set_fp_power_plan_constraints command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Viewing the Analysis Results: When power and rail analysis are complete, one can check for the voltage drop and electromigration violations in the design by using the voltage drop map and the electromigration map. One can save the results of voltage drop and electromigration current density values to the database by saving the CEL view that has just been analyzed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reporting Settings for Power Network Synthesis and Power Network Analysis Strategies: To get a report of the current values of the strategies used by power network synthesis and power network analysis by using the report_fp_rail_strategy command. [16] 5.9 Performing Prototype Global Routing One can perform prototype global routing to get an estimate of the routability and congestion of the design. Global routing is done to detect possible congestion hot spots that might exist in the floorplan due to the placement of the hard macros or inadequate channel spacing. To perform global routing, use the route_fp_proto command. 5.10 Performing Hierarchical Clock Planning This section describes how to reduce timing closure iterations by performing hierarchical clock planning on a top-level design during the early stages of the virtual flat flow, after plan groups are created and before the hierarchy is committed. One can perform clock planning on a specified clock net or on all clock nets in the design. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Clock Planning Options: To set clock planning options, use the set_fp_clock_plan_options command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Clock Planning Operations: To perform clock planning operations, use the compile_fp_clock_plan command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Generating Clock Tree Reports: To generate clock tree reports, use the report_clock_tree command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using Multivoltage Designs in Clock Planning: Clock planning supports multivoltage designs. Designs in multivoltage domains operate at various voltages. Multivoltage domains are connected through level-shifter cells. A level-shifter cell is a special cell that can carry signals across different voltage areas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Plan Group-Aware Clock Tree Synthesis in Clock Planning: With this feature, clock tree synthesis can generate a clock tree that honors the plan groups while inserting buffers in the tree and prevent new clock buffers from being placed on top of a plan group unless they drive the entire subtree inside that particular plan group. This results in a minimum of clock feedthroughs, which makes the design easier to manage during partitioning and budgeting. [16] 5.11 Performing In-Place Optimization In-place optimization is an iterative process that is based on virtual routing. Three types of optimizations are performed: timing improvement, area recovery, and fixing DRC violations. These optimizations prese

Kerouac’s Spontaneous Prose and the Post-War Avant-Garde Essay

Kerouac’s Spontaneous Prose and the Post-War Avant-Garde My title comes from one of Kerouac’s own essays, â€Å"Aftermath: The Philosophy of the Beat Generation,† which he published in Esquire in March 1958. In it, he identifies the Beats as subterranean heroes who’d finally turned from the ‘freedom’ machine of the West and were taking drugs, digging bop, having flashes of insight, experiencing the ‘derangement of the senses,’ talking strange, being poor and glad, prophesying a new style for American culture, a new style (we thought) completely free from European influences (unlike the Lost Generation), a new incantation. (Kerouac, â€Å"Aftermath† 47) Kerouac’s â€Å"new style for American culture† was the spontaneous prose method he developed in 1952, a dazzling fusion of the colloquial and the literary that utilized stylistic strategies drawn from movies, comic strips, pulp fiction, and jazz. But, fifty years on, Kerouac’s stylistic brilliance has still not been fully recognized. His reputation still rests, unfortunately, on his two most commercial novels, On the Road and The Dharma Bums. Neither of these novels is spontaneous prose. One version of On the Road was, indeed, written in a three week period on a 100 foot scroll of teletype paper, but Kerouac developed spontaneous prose after this famous scroll experiment; furthermore, the version of On the Road that was finally published in 1957 had been significantly revised several more times in the intervening years (Hunt 1). As Kerouac said in a 1968 interview, â€Å"In the days of Malcolm Cowley, with On the Road and The Dharma Bums, I had no power to stand by my style for better or worse. When Malcolm Cowley made endless revisions... ...ris Review. New York: The Modern Library, 1999. ---. Selected Letters, 1940-1956. Ed. Ann Charters. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. --- Selected Letters, 1957-1969. Ed. Ann Charters. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. Landau, Ellen. Jackson Pollock . New York: Abrams, 1989. MacAdams, Lewis. Birth of the Cool: Beat, Bebop, and the American Avant-Garde. New York: The Free Press, 2001. Mackey, Nathaniel. â€Å"Other: From Noun to Verb.† The Jazz Cadence of American Culture. Ed. R.G. O’Meally. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Miles, Barry. Jack Kerouac, King of the Beats: A Portrait. New York: Henry Holt, 1998. Rosenthal, David. Hard Bop: Jazz and Black Music, 1955-1965. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Stone, Robert. â€Å"American Dreamers: Melville and Kerouac.† Beat Down to Your Soul. Ed. Ann Charters. New York: Penguin, 2001.

Attentional Interference in Relation to the Stroop Effect :: essays research papers

Interference and facilitation are two important aspects of automatic processes. Interference refers to the range to which one process encumbers performance of another, whereas facilitation indicates the extent to which one process assists performance of another. Through practice and maturation, reading progresses from a controlled process to one that is automatic, lessening the demands on attentional resources. Stroop reported one of the first studies, which provided support for this, in 1935. He combined the word object/property dimensions in the same stimulus to create one of the most researched phenomena in cognitive psychology: The Stroop effect (MacLeod, 1991). He found that it was faster to read words than it was to name the corresponding object or their properties, including their color. Due to its key in understanding attention, the study that lead to many other related investigations, originated by examining interference in reading automaticity. Stroop furthered his research by creating tasks involving color naming and reading. He first compared the time it took to read color names printed in incongruent ink colors to a base line reading of color words. For the second part of his study, Stroop compared the time it took to name the ink color when congruent with the color word (e.g., blue printed in blue ink) to the time it took to name the ink color. By comparing the response times in the interference conditions to the control conditions he found that it took people longer to respond to the color of the ink when printed in a color incongruent to the color word (Stroop, 1995). The words interfere with naming the color; yet, the color does not interfere with reading the word. The nature of the Stroop effect results as a consequence of automaticity. People have difficulty ignoring the meaning of a word because, through practice, reading has become an automatic process. The two main explanations accounting for the Stroop effect in the past have been cognitive attentional processes involved in learning, controlled and automatic. As previously mentioned, when a process is automatic (for example reading), it is not only faster; it also does not rely on other cognitive resources. Controlled processes, for example color naming, are slow and demand more attentional resources. The theory is that an automatic process cannot successfully suppressed without causing interference of a controlled process. The second explanation, relative speed of processing, argues that the two processes involved in color naming and word reading are accomplished in parallel, but that word reading is carried out faster, assuming that the faster process will then interfere with the slower ones such as color naming (Dunbar and McLeod, 1984 as cited in Mel, 1997)

Disney College Program †Magical Internship or Mousecatraz Essay

A year and a half ago I packed my bags and drove the stretch to Orlando to officially begin my term in the Disney College Program. Since then I have experienced the behind the scenes side of Disney World, and I have learned what I would consider to be the pros and cons of becoming a Disney cast member. While I would love to believe that life as a Disney employee is nothing but a dream, spending a semester there has opened my eyes to both the magical benefits and also the hard work that it takes to live there. Today I’m going tell you more of what life at Disney consists of and what you can expect in the Disney College Program. Imagine this: You wake up early in your Orlando hotel room; you’re too excited and nervous to eat because today your program starts. You make your way over to Vista Way Apartments to get a good spot in line, anxious because you’re only hours away from meeting your future roommates and receiving the one thing that has been eating you alive for months – your job assignment! Your semester has barely started, and it’s already nerve-wracking. A term in Disney of course will hold some high expectations. According to the official Disney College program website, As a Disney College Program participant, you’ll become part of the magic that is known worldwide. You’ll get valuable, on-the-job experience in the parks and resorts, and expand your knowledge in a classroom with international students. Discover new worlds and create long-lasting memories. All of these statements have truth to them, but what you may not know is that the slightest tweak of your expectations can make or break your time there. By the end of the first day, I had 5 new roommates, and I was a new merchandise cast member at one of Disney’s Resorts. The time I spent from August to December in Orlando was full to the brim with great and incredible memories. These times were the pros of the experience. When you first arrive, Disney requires each of their cast members to go through an orientation class called ‘traditions’ where you learn about the exceptional value Disney places on their famous customer service. Even though it was orientation, I have to admit it was pretty exciting. They really know how to get you pumped about being part of creating that Disney magic. Having the opportunity to assist in making those moments that last a lifetime for other families is absolutely amazing. The friends that you will make there will also last a lifetime. I made friends from all over the world while I was there. That’s something that I wouldn’t trade for anything. And what’s better than spending time with those friends in the Disney parks†¦ for free! This must be the ultimate perk, but there are countless others. To top of all of that, working for Disney is an excellent addition to your resume. Unfortunately, along with the pros come the cons. The number one complaint that I have heard would be the problems you will encounter with roommates. If you opt to stay on Disney property, which has many benefits, you will be required to share a bedroom with one other person and most likely your apartment with several others. While I lived in an apartment of six including myself, you could end up with a total of eight. With that many people under one roof, it would be a miracle if everyone got along. On top of the stress of your living space, you are required to wear your goofy looking uniform to a job that you played no part in the selection of. Being a college program cast member, you are automatically considered temporary or expendable, and because of that you automatically take lowest priority. You will work hard hours, and out of the multiple managers in your area, you will most likely not enjoy all of them to say the least. Working for a company with such demanding guests will take a toll on you. Despite the lower points that you will come across while you are there, the Disney College program is an excellent overall experience. You will learn much more than you could possibly expect. You can even take courses that can apply for college credit if you choose. Your patience and tolerance will increase significantly, trust me. The months you spend there will stay with you forever. In conclusion, I hope that I have been able to give you more insight on the program. There are some very heavy pros and cons in this program, but whether or not the good outweighs the bad is left up to you. If you are considering taking this journey yourself, I would recommend that you take the leap. You’ll most likely have bad days, but you will treasure the memories and friends you make there forever.

Real Problem Behind White-Collar Crime

White-collar crime is a term that has been applied to a wide variety of non-violent crimes that are often committed in offices and boardrooms rather than on the street. Crimes are committed by means of unlawful paper transactions rather than with weapons, by middle-class people rather than by career criminals (Sutherland, 1983). It includes the crime of fraud in its many variations, as well as violations of government regulations that might not even result in immediate, ascertainable harm. The term refers to crimes committed by individuals, as well as wrongs inflicted by corporate entities (which are also subject to criminal prosecution). White-collar crime is investigated and prosecuted by the federal and state governments. For most individuals, white-collar crime is not viewed as a crime at all, because of its non-violent nature. Violent crime has an immediate and obvious impact on its victims, which raises the attention of the public, whereas white-collar crime frequently goes undetected or is viewed as a bending of the rules (Geis, 1982). White-collar crime; however, can have more of an impact than violent crimes. The victim of a violent crime can recover (most times, but not always), were as the victim of fraud can have immeasurable impact, that can devastate his/her home, family, and even life. The real problem behind white-collar crime is not defining white-collar crime, but developing the appropriate means to correct this type of crime. One of the most popular white-collar crimes is embezzlement. Throughout the rest of this literature review, embezzlement will remain the focus of the discussion. Embezzlement is the most popular financial crime in the nation, and is the predominant factor in the failure of all types of businesses (Barlow, 1978). Also, embezzlement is an individual crime, not just a document or technological crime. It is often the most misunderstood and complicated crime to discover, or to investigate. The crime of embezzlement accounts for the majority of all financial institution crimes investigated by the FBI (Geis, 1982). It is often a function of an employee†s circumstances and/or attitude combined with employer naivete and carelessness and with the decreasing threat of prosecution and other detrimental consequences (Weisburd, Wheeler, Waring & Bode, 1991). Embezzlement may occur because an employee who is in a position of trust with access to company funds is experiencing difficult, personal financial problems. The temptation becomes too great and the employee resorts to embezzlement to solve his/her financial problems. It also occurs because employee loyalty is less now than in the past years and employees often believe that they are paid too little and treated unfairly. Law enforcement agencies have less and less manpower to pursue embezzlement so the fear of prosecution is less of a deterrent to employees. Embezzlements are generally both ego and habit crimes, and are rhythmic, predictable and cyclic (Jamieson, 1994). Embezzlers rationalize their behavior to conform to their own morals and ethics. Embezzlers realize that their actions will ultimately hurt people around them, and they just do not care. Embezzlements are secret crimes, but someone else within the institution often has knowledge of the crime. Most embezzlements are actually a series or combination of crimes, rather than a single crime. The majority of embezzlements begin as a simple misuse of the company†s funds for a short-term personal purpose (Geis, 1968). These occurrences then become a habit, requiring additional misuse to hide the original crime. Embezzlements are generally committed by one of three methods: By trickery, deceit or misrepresentation (e.g. account holder or rightful owner impersonation, official seals of fictitious accounts); by documents (e.g. check, â€Å"authorization note†, power of attorney); and by technology (e.g. on-line computer, FAX machines, ATM access)(Weisburd et al., 1991). Generally, embezzlements committed by staff personnel are more numerous, and the individual amounts taken are relatively small. Embezzlements committed by supervisors and officers are less frequent, and the amounts taken are more significant. Taking money to support a certain lifestyle or an employee†s family is the most popular motive. Revenge against the employer is the next most popular motive. Periodic surveys and statistics gathered by law enforcement agencies indicate that losses attributed to acts of embezzlement are more significant than losses attributed to all other types of business crimes combined (Barlow, 1978). The number of embezzlements increases annually, primarily because of: 1. Inadequate pre-employment screening by employers, 2. Changing morality in all segments of society, particularly the work force, 3. Decreasing law enforcement help and emphasis, and 4. Minimal punishment for offenders. Embezzlements include both misuse and misappropriation. Misuse is defined as the abuse of privilege or position without the specific intent to steal; misappropriation is defined as the taking of funds or property with the specific intent to steal (Geis, 1982). Estimates are that less than 10% of these crimes are reported. The true scope of the embezzlement problem may never be known for many reasons. Embezzlement is not just theft, it is also misuse. Thefts require a specific intent to steal, are relatively simple to prove and are reported more often than incidents of misuse. Acts of misuse require no specific intent to steal, and are often difficult to prove and are often categorized as â€Å"mysterious disappearances† (Jamieson, 1994). The discovery of embezzlement requires the institution to file a criminal report and a criminal referral form, which removes the control of an investigation from the institution. It is often believed to be more â€Å"convenient† to allow an embezzler to terminate employment and voluntarily repay the loss than to file a crime report and become involved with the criminal justice process (Weisburd et al., 1991). Embezzlement is also a secret or closet crime and is often discussed in the same â€Å"whispered tones† as crimes of child or adult sexual assault are. Denial of the act, a sense of violation and feeling shame for allowing it to happen are responses reported by victims of both assaults and embezzlements. These victims are then reluctant to report the crime, fearing public exposure and humiliation. Some people purposely embezzle (steal) while others simply misuse (borrow or use) the institution†s assets (service, equipment, supplies and facilities) without intending to steal. Both actions create losses to the institution. The disastrous effects suffered by the nation†s financial institutions and related industries, and the loss of public trust in those industries, have primarily resulted from acts of embezzlement or from self-serving transactions by key employees working within all levels of the institution (Geis, 1982). The misuse and misappropriation of assets significantly contributed to the crippling or failure of many industries such as: Financial institutions (e.g. savings and loan industry); defense contractors (e.g. overcharges, failed product design, diversion of funds); securities brokerage firms (e.g. junk bonds and diversion of funds) and insurance companies (e.g. investment in prohibited ventures and diversion of funds) (Weisburd et al., 1991). The very people who work within and manage these industries are disabling them. Their leaders have been the subjects of unfavorable from-page news stories. Their crimes and lack of corporate morals overshadow, and contribute to, similar behavior of their employees. In other words, creating an embezzlement environment starts at the top of the organization. It†s less expensive to prevent embezzlement than it is to investigate one. Estimates are that for each $1.00 lost to any crime, the institution loses and additional $4.00. These calculations are conservative, and don†t take into account the other losses the institution will ultimately suffer (Jamieson, 1994). Embezzlements are emotional as well as financial crimes. Victims of embezzlement display the same progression and range of symptoms displayed by victims of sexual assault or catastrophic disasters: shock, disbelief, denial, rage, grief and recovery (Geis, 1982). This cycle generally peaks within six months of the crime, and it may take up to three years for the institution to recover fully. While the actual monetary loss from an embezzlement may be significant, it will be relatively insignificant compared to the losses caused by these other factors that will become evident after an embezzlement has been discovered: lowered employee morals due to increased security measures, and aggravated by distrust of other employees; employees† disorientation and their accompanying mistakes, resulting in poor customer service; a reduction in actual tasks performed by employees, because of their pre-occupation with events related to the embezzlement; adverse publicity due to management†s likely inability to control the flow of information to the media; and the necessary interaction with the criminal justice system (law enforcement, courts and corrections) (Weisburd et al., 1991). Mistakes often appear to be embezzlements. The results of poor training and supervision often appear as clerical errors, as mis-coded or miscounted items, and as misapplied transactions. Appropriate training, supervision and the application of effective loss prevention techniques are necessary to protect the institution and its employees from both mistakes and embezzlements (Jamieson, 1994). Honest employees must be protected from suspicion of dishonesty, and embezzlers must be removed. A successful defense begins with a single action demonstrated by one concerned person. Someone must take a stand against the problem, and then become knowledgeable and concerned enough about the problem to persuade others to take a stand. You will likely find both supporters and detractors within every level of the institution. Embezzlers will continue to be successful until industry leaders acknowledge the magnitude and pervasiveness of the problem; until industry leaders believe that this activity is intolerable; and until industry leaders take an active role in embezzlement prevention and education (Weisburd et al., 1991). To truly understand the scope of embezzlement individuals must research and understand new policy techniques and educate themselves on the crime of embezzlement in order to combat this up and coming crime. Embezzlers violate all commonly accepted business and personal values, morals and ethics. Embezzlers are rarely prosecuted criminally, rarely receive jail sentences upon conviction, and rarely repay the victims or court costs. As we learn more about the criminal act of embezzlement, and more about the people who commit these crimes, the better prepared we are to identify behaviors commonly displayed by both the institution and the employee who embezzles. Corporations and business owners need to establish a code of conduct with their employees. This method would provide an excellent way to communicate with employees and describe acceptable standards of behavior within the company. Also, this method gives the employee a list of employee†s rights and obligations to follow. Employees who believe that they are treated fairly, and equally with every other employees, are less likely to become discontented and commit an embezzlement crime. If corporations follow the simple but effective methods mentioned above they should have more success in removing embezzlement from the business world.